Which of the following is not a theory/explanation being proposed in the following?I get a lot of wrong-number calls at night for Shakey’s Pizza.  It might be that my number is similar to Shakey’s. Or maybe, some one person who really likes pizza has our numbers mixed up.  I guess it also could be that someone is trying to harass me by waking me up during the night. 

What is the conclusion in the following inference to the best explanation? Many free-swimming animals, mammals, birds, amphibians and fishes, are silvery white below in order to be invisible to enemies swimming in the depths.  Seen from below, the shining white belly blends in perfectly with the reflecting surface film of the water. 

What is the target group in the following ennumerative induction? Most newspaper reports of crimes in Chicago involve alleged perpetrators who belong to racial minorities. Therefore, most crimes in Chicago are committed by racial minorities.

What is the conclusion of the following argument? The newly elected president has had a surge in popularity.  Must be the so-called “honeymoon effect” in which a new president enjoys popularity until he or she is involved in serious or controversial decisions. 

Which of the following theories is the most plausible explanation for the following state of affairs, given the criteria of theory evaluation? Many people who take B vitamins for their headaches report a lower incidence of headaches.

What kind of argument is being employed when a scientist uses questionnaires to determine whether there is a statistically significant correlation between using a particular product (hair dye, e.g.) and some medical condition (e.g. cancer of some type)?

The criterion of conservatism is a measure of…

What is the conclusion of the argument? Chimpanzees are certainly capable of feeling pain.  They will avoid negative feedback in a laboratory setting when given the opportunity to do so.  When one chimpanzee is injured, others will recognize the pain behavior and try to comfort and help the injured member of the group.  Chimps that have been given pain relief medication soon after an injury connect the medicine to the relief of pain, because when injured again they will give the sign for medicine.  Human display all of these behaviors as well. 

Fake news essentially involves…

Consider the following argument: A poll administered by a computer randomly generating a list of email addresses, found that 77% of Americans in the sample of 1500 viewed the current president favorably.  So, the current president has the overwhelming support of the American people.   What is the sample population in this induction?