You are trying to build a phylogeny for several species, so you extract 50-base-pair loci (segments of DNA) from each and create an alignment.  Later you realize the DNA comes from a nuclear chromosome for some of the species, and from the mitochondria for others.  What is the problem with aligning these and using them to infer your phylogeny?

A parsimony analysis produces a tree of length 72.  What does the number 72 refer to?

Aligning more than two sequences leads to an exponential increase in difficulty.  Explain the first step that alignment programs (MUSCLE, CLUSTAL, etc) take in order to align multiple sequences, and how this helps to guide the following steps.

Which of the following programs using Bayesian statistics to estimate a species tree from many genes?

Here is Bayes’ theorem:  Pr (H|D) = Pr (D|H) x (Pr H).  Write out in words the meaning of Pr (D|H) , and explain what it is equivalent to (e.g., what is another word/phrase to refer to this).

Explain the difference between psychological egoism and rational egoism.

Which of the following phylogenetic approaches never incorporates a model of evolution?

A control rod at an AP1000 power plant is withdrawn an amount that results in a +2.25 cent change in reactivity.  Estimate the initial (almost instantaneous) change in reactor power (in MW to four significant digits), if the reactor was operating a full power just before the control rod movement.  Characteristic Value Core Thermal-Hydraulic Parameters Reactor thermal power 3400 MWt Primary system pressure 2250 psia Total coolant mass flow rate 106.8×106 lbm/hr Average coolant velocity along fuel rods 15.8 ft/sec Total mass of coolant in the reactor core region 26,350 lbm Nominal coolant temperature at reactor inlet 535.0 °F Nominal coolant temperature at reactor outlet 612.2 °F Active heat transfer area in core 56,700 ft2 Average heat flux in reactor core 199,300 Btu/(hr·ft2) Fuel-to-coolant heat transfer coefficient including fuel heat transfer resistance 250 Btu/(hr·ft2·°F) Total mass of UO2 fuel in the core 211,588 lbm Fuel specific heat capacity 0.075 Btu/(lbm·°F) Fraction of heat produced in the fuel 0.974 Coolant average specific heat capacity 1.33 Btu/(lbm·°F) Kinetic Parameters Doppler coefficient –1.7 pcm/°F Moderator temperature coefficient –20 pcm/°F Prompt neutron lifetime 19.8 µs Delayed neutron fraction 0.0075 Delayed neutron precursor decay constant 0.077 sec–1 Primary Coolant System Parameters Total volume of coolant in primary RCS 9600 ft3  

In 1960, one of the primary focuses was medical care.

The most defense spending was during the Cuban Missile Crisis (1959).