Marie is a psychology professor in the United States teachin…

Marie is a psychology professor in the United States teaching her students about self-esteem. To introduce the lecture, she asks students to assess their self-esteem by determining if they are happy with their achievements. Is this approach likely to provide an accurate assessment of the students’ self-esteem?

Lyle, a research assistant, is helping his psychology profes…

Lyle, a research assistant, is helping his psychology professor run a study examining risk-taking traits in young adults. Lyle schedules one patient per hour. When his 3:00 pm patient does not show until 3:50 pm, he decides to run this patient in a small group with the 4:00 pm patient, even though the study is usually conducted in one patient at a time. Is this protocol change likely to affect the study results?