Dr. Lowe conducts a study to distinguish the components of conscientiousness to add to our general understanding of this personality trait. This is an example of _______ research.

Which of the following phrases would NOT indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim?

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable?

Private businesses (e.g., Facebook) can conduct studies without following federal ethical guidelines.

Your friend is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. Your friends complains, “Tests like the GRE don’t really measure how well people actually do in graduate school.” Dominic is questioning the _____  of the test.

In the Discussion section of their paper, Ames et al. (2006) reported that they learned of a shorter version of their scale that had been developed by other researchers. What concern did they raise about the other researchers’ version of the scale?

Judy recently read a peer-reviewed article in which the researchers found that cigarette smoking is linked to lung cancer. She says to herself “I’ve been smoking cigarettes 40 years and I don’t have lung cancer!” Based on Judy’s comment, she might be forgetting which of the following:

When we state that a hypothesis is ________, we are referring to the point that it must be possible to obtain results that are contrary to our hypothesis.

How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study?

Below you will find excerpts from an empirical article by Campbell et al. (2010). Please respond to the 6 fill-in-the blank questions. In 1988, Raskin and Terry developed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), a self-report measure of narcissism. These researchers defined narcissism as including 7 distinct components: authority, entitlement, exhibitionism, explotativeness, self-sufficiency, superiority, and vanity. In order to provide evidence of  validity, Raskin and Terry (1988) included items that assessed each of the seven components of narcissism. In a 2010 paper, Campbell et al. agreed that entitlement is clearly a component of narcissism. However, these researchers noted that there are a few problems with using the NPI Entitlement subscale as a stand-alone measure of psychological entitlement. First, they argue, the NPI entitlement subscale lacks  validity: some items (e.g., “I will never be satisfied until I get all that I deserve”) sound/look like they are measuring entitlement; but other items (e.g., “I have a strong will to power; If I ruled the world it would be a better place”) sound/look more like power seeking or dominance. In addition, Campbell et al. (2010) argued that the NPI entitlement subscale lacks the degree of  reliability desired for self-report measures, with Cronbach alpha values often far below the .70 rule of thumb. Campbell et al. (2010) note: “Our goal in this article was to develop and validate a measure of psychological entitlement as well as look at some potential interpersonal consequences of entitlement. In the process, we gain a better theoretical understanding of the construct.” Later, Campbell et al. (2010) note: “It is important to state explicitly our approach to psychological entitlement. We conceptualize psychological entitlement as a stable and pervasive sense that one deserves more and is entitled to more than others. This sense of entitlement will also be reflected in desired or actual behaviors.” What is the name of the conceptual variable that Campbell et al. (2010) investigated? Campbell et al. (2010) correlated scores on their Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) with other measures as a test of the scale’s validity. As expected, there was a positive correlation between scores on the PES and scores on Raskin and Terry’s (1988) Entitlement subscale of the NPI (r = .54). This finding provides evidence of validity for the PES. In addition, as expected, scores on the PES were not significantly correlated with social desirability (a measure of overall level of socially desirable responding), (r = -.06). This finding provides evidence of validity for the PES.