A patient with portal hypertension is being treated to reduce hepatic vascular resistance. Which of the following mechanisms is targeted by this treatment?

Blood flows from branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein at the periphery of the lobule through the sinusoids to the: 

A patient with CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).  What are the primary treatment options for ESRD? 

A patient with peptic ulcer disease is prescribed a medication that inhibits histamine receptors on parietal cells. Which of the following effects is expected? 

A patient with refractory hypertension is diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma. What is the underlying cause of hypertension in this condition?

A patient is prescribed a hydrophobic hormone for treatment.  How does this hormone typically function within the body?

An older adult has lower levels of GH and sex steroids.  What other endocrine change might this patient experience in response to stress? 

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be: 

A patient with kidney disease has low levels of active vitamin D. What role do the kidneys play in vitamin D metabolism? 

An 80-year-old patient has a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).  What factors contribute to reduced eGFR in older adults?