Which of the following drugs or drug classes have nausea or vomiting listed as a commonly seen side effect?  Select All That Apply

(5 points) One of your slightly less compliant patients, 55-year-old Richard G., has advanced type 2 diabetes for which PO and injectables are not working well enough.  He works as a pathologist and eats at irregular times, sometimes skipping lunch.  But he is reasonably active, works full-time, does check his own blood glucose before taking his insulin, and gets regular sleep. (His wife and staff watch over/nag him as well.) Suggest an insulin plan for Richard that will take his lifestyle into account.  Explain your choice.   

Which of the following is/are common indication(s) for calcium channel blockers (CCBs)? Select All That Apply

Nick F. is a 62-year-old retired military general with type 2 diabetes. He is taking metformin (Glucophage). One of metformin’s more feared side effects is:

Describe in detail the mechanism by which atropine caused this new problem in this angina patient.  Be sure to connect the pharmacodynamics of atropine to the physiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms directly responsible for the new problem.  (You know, the way you did for exam three).  

Imagine you are on your way to administer an IV dose of furosemide (Lasix) to an adult patient with acute pulmonary edema named Morton D. that you haven’t met before.    You must be sure you give Morton the appropriate dose.  You know that furosemide will be almost immediately effective.  You know other stuff about furosemide too.  Regardless, name the first thing you must check about Morton and/or his record before administering the dose as written by the medical student?  (Remember, you’ve been told the patient has acute HF and so is in mortal danger; don’t take too long…)

BLOOD PRESSURE:  In the patient who received IV PHENYLEPHRINE, blood pressure will:

Jessica J. is a 23-year-old otherwise healthy female with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder. One good starting option for her treatment is:

URINE FLOW: If the patient decides to urinate at the time of the injection, IV ATROPINE will cause the urine flow to

(8 points) There is an endocrine disorder we did not get a chance to discuss called central diabetes insipidus, in which the pituitary gland does not make sufficient ADH (anti-diuretic hormone), leading to abnormally high amounts of urination.  The condition is treated using desmopressin (Minirin), a synthetic version of human ADH hormone.    Desmopressin is available as a nasal spray taken once daily.  It is not significantly metabolized.   Please answer both question A and B in the space provided (there is more than enough room)   A. (3 points) If a patient were to take this as an IV dose once daily, would the IV dose be much larger, much smaller, or about the same amount as the nasal spray dose?   B. (5 points) A potential side effect of desmopressin is hyponatremia (very low blood sodium levels).  Patients with very low plasma sodium levels are at high risk of brain seizures.  Explain the pathophysiologic mechanism by which hyponatremia lowers the threshold for a seizure in the brain.