Choose two of the following essays. (5 pts. each – total 10 pts).  Choose an extra as your bonus and mark with a * or write bonus, or do the extra case study (only ONE extra essay for the bonus).  1.) Despite bone strength, fractures are fairly common occurrences.  Briefly describe each step in the   healing/repair of a fractured bone. (4 pts).  List and describe any 2 types of fractures. (1 pt).  2.) List and briefly describe the function of the four components of synovial joints (2 pts).  List one specific type and example of each classification of synovial joints (nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial) (3 points). 3.)   You completed a virtual muscle physiology lab.  Think about that lab and lecture material to answer the following.  The muscle in the experiment did not contract until the voltage of 0.5 mv.  Why did this occur? (1) How are treppe and wave summation different (what specifically causes each?) (1) How is tetany different from wave summation? (describe specific causes of each) (1.5) What are three causes of muscle fatigue?(1.5) 4.)   Describe the function of the following chemicals for muscle contraction (all events from the neuromuscular junction to relaxation):   Na+ (.5), K+ (.5), Ca++ (1.5), ATP (1.5), ACh (.5), and AChase (.5). 5.)   Compare and contrast the three types of muscle fibers.  Include 1 similarity all three share (1) and 4 specific differences (cellular such as type of metabolism, myoglobin, mitochondria, size, activities best suited for, etc. ) between them (4).   

Which of the following is not a function of the muscular system?        

Extensibility and elasticity are very different things, but both occur in muscle fibers. What would happen if a muscle fiber were extensible but not elastic?

Choose ONE of the following. (5 pts each – total 5 pts). Choose an extra as your bonus and mark with a * or write bonus, or an extra from part II: only ONE extra essay for the bonus).  A.)  Anne Teak is a 62-year old female.  She was brought to the ER by ambulance because she fell while walking up her stairs and thinks she broke her hip.  The x-ray confirms the broken hip and a DEXA bone scan confirms osteoporosis.  She is one of your patients and has many questions about her condition and the causes of it.  Answer the following questions.         1.) What exactly is osteoporosis?  Why does it occur (at the cellular level)?         2.) What factors help prevent it?  (include 1 dietary and 1 lifestyle and explain each).         3.) Why is it more common in postmenopausal women?         4.) What is a DEXA scan?         5.)  What medication might be used to help Anne heal and build stronger bones? (explain what it does)   B.)  April Schauer is a 65 year-old female of normal weight.  She has exercised 4-5X per week for the last 10 years, mainly in the form of walking.  She has noticed that her knees have been sore, especially in the morning and the pain has steadily become worse during the past 3 months.  There have been days that she did not take her daily walk because the knee pain is so bad.  Her physician diagnoses her with osteoarthritis.  Answer the following questions.          1.  What is osteoarthritis?  Explain what exactly is happening in the joint.          2.  How is osteoarthritis different from rheumatoid arthritis?          3.  How is osteoarthritis different from gout arthritis?          4.  What initial treatment would you recommend to April? And explain how the treatment would help her (specifically)          5.  What are some concerns about treatment involving cortisone injections?  

The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores             

Choose ONE of the following. (5 pts each – total 5 pts). Choose an extra as your bonus and mark with a * or write bonus, or an extra from part II: only ONE extra essay for the bonus).  1.)  Anne Teak is a 62-year old female.  She was brought to the ER by ambulance because she fell while walking up her stairs and thinks she broke her hip.  The x-ray confirms the broken hip and a DEXA bone scan confirms osteoporosis.  She is one of your patients and has many questions about her condition and the causes of it.  Answer the following questions.         1.) What exactly is osteoporosis?  Why does it occur (at the cellular level)?         2.) What factors help prevent it?  (include 1 dietary and 1 lifestyle and explain each).         3.) Why is it more common in postmenopausal women?         4.) What is a DEXA scan?         5.)  What medication might be used to help Anne heal and build stronger bones? (explain what it does)   B.)  Justin Time is a 5-year old boy who was playing outside without his shoes on (his mother/father was too busy studying for their A&P test to notice that he didn’t put on his shoes).   He stepped on a rusty nail which penetrated his skin (rather deeply).  He is given a tetanus shot in the ER. Answer the following questions.         1.  What bacteria (toxin) is the concern?         2.  What are the effects of this toxin if not treated?         3.  How does this toxin differ from botulism? Explain the effects of each.         4.  How does this toxin differ from curare? Explain the effect of curare.         5.  How long is a tetanus shot “good” for?  

Which of the following are valid reasons to partition a diagram? (Select all that apply.)

Match the DFD concept on the left with its correct description on the right.

Using the following lines of code, complete the following function called compute_grades, which accepts a vector of student grades (initialized as it is in the following example) as an argument to the compute_grades function’s parameter of the same name…vector gradelist = {85, 90, 95, 82, 96, 91, 30, 59, 43, 72, 75, 78};… and determines the average of the list of grades, as well as the highest and lowest grades in the list: void compute_grades(vector gradelist) {} (Hint: Recall that we can get the size of a vector using its size() method, and that we can access a single element by its position within the vector using square brackets.)

If an employee’s manager issued an explicit or strongly implied threat that submission to sexual demands is a condition of the employee’s job, it would be an example of ________ harassment.