The intended purpose of brain stimulation techniques (such as transcranial magnetic stimulation) is to treat underlying drug craving and other factors contributing to substance misuse by

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Endocannabinoids contribute to retrograde signaling in the hippocampus by

Since 1999, overdose deaths involving opioids have increased by more than six-fold, with the majority of this increase due to deaths related to _______ use.

The opiate withdrawal or abstinence syndrome

MDMA is an atypical amphetamine because it principally works by

If two people take the same dose of cocaine but one takes it orally and one injects it, they will likely have _______ neurochemical and behavioral responses because _______.

The benefit of narcotic analgesics is that they

Methadone is an effective treatment for opiate drug abuse because it

Opiates are dangerous at high doses due mostly to