Barriers to voting during Reconstruction: In some states, po…

Barriers to voting during Reconstruction: In some states, poorer, less literate white voters feared being disenfranchised by the literacy and understanding tests. Some states introduced a loophole, known as the ________ ______ , to allow less literate whites to vote. This exempted those who had been allowed to vote in that state prior to the Civil War and their descendants from literacy and understanding tests.