Yamanaka discovered that reactivating 4 specific genes could convert an adult cell into pluripotent cells.  These transcription factors are:

In SDS-PAGE, proteins are coated with a net negative charge upon treatment with SDS.

In the figure below, RNA was extracted from testis, OSCC and OLP samples and subjected to Realtime PCR in order to study the expression of MAGE-A3/6 gene. What conclusions can be made about this gene expression?

While determining the integrity of RNA in a sample, we use ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as indicators of stability.  For an RNA sample to be considered intact (undegraded) , the 28s rRNA band must be double the brightness when compared to 18s rRNA, when resolved on an agarose gel.

Shown below is the result of digesting pCMV with Not1 and Sma1 enzymes and resolving the products on a 1% agarose gel.  Does the plasmid map of pCMV shown below correlate with the results of digestion?

Protein samples from three patients (1,2 and 3) were separated by SDS-PAGE and subjected to immunoblot analysis.  The blot was incubated with antibodies specific for B-actin and VEGF proteins. Why was the blot probed with antibodies specific for B-actin? Pick all correct answers for complete credit.

In an experiment, the GAPDH gene product was amplified using RT-PCR.  For this purpose, RNA was extracted from lean and obese pigs.  Equal amount of RNA samples was used for the RT-PCR  assay and GAPDH amplification was monitored.   Upon comparing the two graphs, what conclusions can you draw about the GAPDH gene product? 

The following steps of a PCR are out of order.  What is the correct order of events that need to occur to amplify DNA?

Your run the following restriction digest and show the results to your friend.  Your friend claims that the Not1 enzyme did not work as expected, during digestion.  Is your friend’s claim True or False?

A —————- cell has the capacity to develop into any tissue in the body