In 2017, Dr. Michael Young along with two other individuals won the Nobel Prize for their work elucidating mechanisms of the circadian clock. One of Dr. Young’s Nobel Prize winning experiments, was a forward genetic screen that identified a circadian clock mutant. The mutant actogram is shown below:     How did the mutation change the circadian rhythm?

In the INDIRECT pathway, the release of dopamine from neurons in the substantia nigra (SNc) of neurons in the striatum that express the D2 receptor. Ultimately, this dopamine release makes neurons in the thalamus to fire an action potential. Thus, in the indirect pathway, the release of dopamine from the substantia nigra movement.

The image below shows the protein inclusion found in the brains of people with Parkinson’s disease. The primary component of Lewy bodies is:

Give an example of a practical problem that can be solved using one of the random sample selection algorithms we have seen.

In 2017, scientists expressed an opsin specifically in dopamine neurons in mice. They then used electrophysiology to record from dopamine neurons in brain slices from these mice. Here’s what the recording looked liked with no light stimulation: Here’s what the recording looked liked with tonic light stimulation (1 light pulse every second): Note: The light pulses are represented by a the blue ticks. Here’s what the recording looked liked with phasic light stimulation (50 light pulse in 1 second): Note: the blue line represents the light pulses. What opsin was expressed in the dopamine neurons? What kind of recording is this?

What is specific to a Monte Carlo algorithm? The same question for a Las Vegas algorithm.

Consider the experiment that Dr. Tonegawa used to label hippocampal neurons that were part of a contextual fear engram with chanelrhodopsin-EYFP. The image below, outlines the protocol. What if some mice were killed at the time indicated by the yellow arrow (testing day 1: while the mice are in Context A, shortly before turning the light on), and some mice were killed at the time indicated by the purple arrow (testing day 1: while the mice are in Context A, shortly after turning the light on), and the brains of the sacrificed mice were stained with an antibody that recognizes zif268? Which statement below is the best hypothesis for what will happen with zif268 expression?

Give an example of a loop for which the number of iterations is Theta(sqrt(n)).

Pretend you are scientist studying neurons that are growing in a culture dish. You use Fura-2 to measure the intracellular calcium concentration of these neurons. You measure the fluorescence intensity at Time 1 and obtain a ratio indicative of the red trace. Next, you puff a chemical onto the neurons. Immediately after the puff, at Time 2, you again measure the fluorescence intensity. At Time 2 you obtain a ratio indicative of the blue trace. How did the chemical puff affect the neurons? 

Which of the following algorithms is usually not implemented recursively?