Part 2 Short Answer ID Terms (30%): A short answer ID should briefly address the basic journalistic questions: who or what, when, where, and why. Be sure to discuss the historical significance – this is the most important part of your ID term. It is best to write a paragraph of at least 4-5 sentences for each ID term. Do not leave any portion of the five options you choose blank – it is best to write something, even if you must guess somewhat. Partial credit is better than nothing.Answer FIVE (5) of the following terms:The Carolingian RenaissanceDiocletianEtruscansThe First EmperorThe Five Pillars of IslamKebra NagastMansa MusaMuhammadPaul of TarsusXiongnu

is one of the greatest and most famous works of art in the world. It was sculpted by Michelangelo during the Italian Renaissance and exemplified the artist’s (and the movement’s) insistence that human beings have great dignity and are worthy of admiration and contemplation. Counter to the biblical basis for the theme of the sculpture, Michelangelo designed his subject to be a muscular, powerful, and full-formed adult. He used a beautiful, but flawed, block of marble for the sculpture that had been infamous in Florence for its tricky air pockets (making it subject to cracking). Michelangelo showed his immense skill as an artist by incorporating the imperfections in the marble and using them to form veins, ligaments, and sinew for his sculpture.

The Gupta Empire in India saw a cultural flowering, particularly in art and literature. One of India’s greatest literary minds, Kalidasa (ca. 380-450), wrote both plays and poetry (much like William Shakespeare more than a thousand years later). His most famous work was a play called which is considered among India’s greatest cultural works.

Bernardino de Sahagún’s work, , compiled around 1557-1580, was criticized by Sahagún’s superiors in the Catholic Church for its sympathetic portrayal of the Aztecs. It was shelved and only rediscovered 200 years after it was lost. It represents an important piece of history in terms of documenting early European contact with Native Americans. It contains passages in the Nahuatl language (sometimes with Spanish translations), as well as illustrations of contact between the cultures made by Native American artists. One image from the work shows the moment that Moctezuma II was taken captive by the Spanish.

Alessandro Botticelli’s master work, , is an example of the Platonic Neo-Classical style common to the Italian Renaissance. The painting represents a quantum leap in quality over prior medieval works with its ability to incorporate a sense of depth, focal points, and a proportionate figure. It also stands as an example of private patronage (rather than church patronage) with its classical, mythical theme. The perfection exhibited by the central figure embodied the Renaissance’s positive view of human qualities (as being nearly divine) rather than the humble medieval view that human beings were lacking in dignity and nearly worthless.

While it was not the first known written law, of ca. 1755 B.C.E. is the oldest nearly complete system of laws known to historians. It was adopted by a Babylonian king of Ancient Mesopotamia, and gave great insight into daily life in Babylonia (for instance, most of the laws relate to marriage, family, agriculture, and lineage, suggesting what was important in this society). Legal penalties varied depending on one’s class and gender; however, those of the same station were famously promised “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.” It provided Babylonia with a more uniform system of laws and served as a way for the king to justify his rule.

were part of the religious violence that developed in the context of the Protestant Reformation, when Europe experienced a heightened sense of God’s power and divine wrath, as well as the diabolical powers of the Devil. They first began in Switzerland and southern Germany in the late fifteenth century, became less numerous during the early decades of the Reformation, and then picked up significantly around 1560. They spread throughout much of western Europe and the European colonies in the Americas, and between 100,000-200,000 people were criminally accused and between 40,000-60,000 were executed. By around 1660, these proceedings had become less common.

was an extremely harsh legal system adopted in Athens in 621 B.C.E. This legal policy was adopted after Athenian small landowners pressured an aristocrat to form a new legal system. From this change, Athenians developed the ideal that the law belonged to all citizens.

In 1427-1428, the Mexica ruler, waged war against the Tepanec Alliance and defeated them. This effectively established the Aztec Empire.

One of the great advancements of Muslim intellectual life was the introduction of , or schools for the study of Muslim law and religion.