In the figure above, the first phase labeled with the letter “a”  reflects a time of no microbial growth but one which cells are metabolically active.  What is this growth phrase called?

Which site in the ribosome is responsible for forming peptide bonds between newly attached amino acids and growing the polypeptide chain?

Extra Credit – Answer either question as completely as possible 1.  Explain how solutes such as salt and sugar preserve and extend the shelf life of foods. Describe why Salt and Sugar are considered physical rather than a chemical method of microbial control.  Name a food that is preserved with sugar or salt for food preservation.   (6 points) Or 2.  What is biotechnology?  In biotechnology, there is a process called Genetic Modification, what two things are commonly used as vectors in a Genetic Modification Procedure?  What are the three characteristics required to make good vectors?  (6 points)          

_________________ is a moist heat treatment that reduces the amount of pathogens and spoilage organisms by using time/temperature ratios.

An important enzyme in DNA replication that synthesizes the DNA strand during replication is:

What is the ideal temperature at which a microorganism can grow most rapidly?

The following is an example of Vertical Gene Transfer

The presence of organic matter does not influence the effectiveness of a chemical/antimicrobial treatment.

Which direction does DNA Polymerase move when synthesizing a new strand of DNA in Replication?

A molecule that binds to an active repressor protein and converts it to an inactive repressor protein, which then turns on specific genes in an operon, is a(n) ________________.