One way to understand ecosystems, claims Leopold, is that they trap nutrients on their “relentless march to the sea.”

According to Leopold’s “Land Ethic,” a thing is right when it preserves all of the following characteristics of the biotic community, EXCEPT:

According to deep ecology, even non-living things, such as geological formations have innate value.

Naess claims that we only have the right to reduce the richness and diversity of life in order to:

The Great Chain of Being is the view that humans are at the peak of an evolutionary process.

Biocentrists have to make the claim that not all interests are psychological.  

Who of the following suggested that we should feel guilty if we, say, kill insects while driving?

Kant thought that morality was a product of, or dependent upon:

Taylor described all of the following arguments for human superiority, EXCEPT:

For Naess, a deep ecological response to, say, pollution would be: