A researcher is trying to determine whether there is a relationship between magazine type and negative depictions of women in advertisements. To examine this issue, researchers looked at four different types of magazines: women’s health magazines, men’s health magazines, sports magazines, and news magazines. The researchers coded the occurrences of negative depictions of women in all the advertisements across the four types of magazines. In essence, they would simply code each advertisement as being a positive, negative, or neutral depiction of a woman. In this situation, the researcher has two nominal variables. Which statistical test would you tell this researcher to use?

Which group in an experiment would receive no treatment?

A PR agency is analyzing the number of media impressions earned by 6 recent campaigns (in thousands):50, 55, 52, 54, 51, 300 The agency reports the mean as 93.7 and uses it to describe a “typical campaign result.” Why might this be misleading?

A soft drink company runs an ad campaign on both TikTok and YouTube to compare which platform generates more positive brand sentiment. However, the TikTok ad features a popular Gen Z influencer, while the YouTube ad features a general brand message without any influencer. Why is it hard to draw valid conclusions from this experiment?

A brand manager wants to see if purchase intention differs by age group. Age is divided into three categories: Gen Z, Millennials, and Gen X. Purchase intention is measured on a 1–7 scale. Which statistical method is appropriate?

A PR team finds that increased online engagement correlates with higher brand trust. This proves that engagement causes people to trust the brand more.

Which group in an experiment would receive no treatment?

A variable that might contaminate research findings would be an example of which of the following.

A researcher is trying to determine whether there is a relationship between magazine type and negative depictions of women in advertisements. To examine this issue, researchers looked at four different types of magazines: women’s health magazines, men’s health magazines, sports magazines, and news magazines. The researchers coded the occurrences of negative depictions of women in all the advertisements across the four types of magazines. In essence, they would simply code each advertisement as being a positive, negative, or neutral depiction of a woman. In this situation, the researcher has two nominal variables. Which statistical test would you tell this researcher to use?

A PR team finds that increased online engagement correlates with higher brand trust. This proves that engagement causes people to trust the brand more.