A casement window must have its insect screen:

End dams are used:

Open-web steel joists are made by cutting the web of a wide-flange section along a zigzag path, then rejoining the two halves in a greater depth by welding.

Concrete elements camber up as soon as the pretensioning force is released in the strands.

Stone cladding panels should NOT be cut:

____________ is the frame material used most for commercial windows.

What shape is not used for light gauge framing?

Riveting of steel building frames is no longer used.

The rainscreen principle can be applied where?

Steel structural shapes are produced by: