A 7-month-old infant presents with clusters of jackknife seizures occurring multiple times per day. EEG confirms infantile spasms. Which epilepsy syndrome is most consistent with this presentation?

A 68-year-old patient presents with sudden onset of left-sided weakness and slurred speech. Further evaluation reveals atherosclerotic plaque formation in the carotid artery. Which type of stroke is most consistent with this pathophysiologic mechanism?

A child presents with lateral curvature of the spine and rib prominence during forward bending. Imaging confirms vertebral rotation. Which condition is most consistent with this pathophysiologic presentation?

A 21-year-old patient presents with progressive weakness in the legs that began 5 days prior and is now ascending to the arms. The patient reports a recent gastrointestinal illness. You suspect Guillain-Barre syndrome. Which additional finding would be most likely?

A patient in the ICU has no brainstem reflexes and a flat EEG for 12 hours. Based on the pathophysiologic criteria, which diagnosis is most appropriate?

Which statement best reflects the current understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) etiology?

A 55-year-old man with a history of heavy smoking, chronic alcohol use, and long-standing type 2 diabetes presents with progressive weight loss, pruritus, and jaundice. Physical exam reveals a palpable epigastric mass. Which diagnosis best explains the obstructive symptoms and underlying cellular pathology?

A 60-year-old female is admitted for confusion and lethargy. Neurological exam shows altered arousal. What is the most critical index of CNS function in evaluating her condition?

A 30-year-old male involved in a high-speed collision presents with prolonged unconsciousness. MRI shows widespread axonal damage. What is the primary mechanism of injury in diffuse axonal injury?

A 35-year-old woman presents with bloating, diarrhea, and weight loss. She reports symptoms worsen after consuming bread and pasta. Serologic testing reveals anti-tTG antibodies. Which condition is most likely based on this immune-mediated enteropathy?