Respiratory infections are a global public health problem an…

Respiratory infections are a global public health problem and major risk factors include indoor and outdoor air quality, tobacco smoking, solid fuel use, housing conditions, and possibly hygiene. Based on the WHO’s EBD study in developing countries, it was estimated that at least ____ of all lower respiratory infections were attributable to the environment in developing countries.

More than 1,400 human pathogens have been identified, among…

More than 1,400 human pathogens have been identified, among which about 60% of them are zoonotic, meaning that the pathogens are transmissible between animals and humans. The transmission of many zoonotic pathogens typically involves complex interactions between humans, animals, and the environment, necessitating a holistic approach, One Health, for understanding, prevention, and control of associated diseases. Therefore, the core of One Health is a collaborative and multidisciplinary approach involving fields of

A researcher studied the relationship between possible expos…

A researcher studied the relationship between possible exposure to Campylobacter in poultry and diarrhea among children living in rural communities by collecting data on Campylobacter carriage in chickens and diarrhea incidence of the children in the communities. The researcher conducted a statistical analysis on the data and found a significant correlation between Campylobacter carriage in chickens and diarrhea incidence of the children. Based on the finding, the researcher made a conclusion that Campylobacter in chickens was a causal factor of diarrhea in children. Based on the Hill’s criteria, the researcher’s conclusion could be well justified. This statement is