A 60-year-old female presents with bone pain and frequent fractures. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of calcium in the blood. Imaging studies show areas of bone resorption.  What is the most likely cause of her symptoms? 

A patient who recovered from a previous infection has a rapid and robust immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. Which cells are responsible for this enhanced response in humoral immunity? 

A patient with a bacterial infection shows an increased number of neutrophils at the site of infection. What process is responsible for this increase? 

Where do B cells develop and mature? 

A 45-year-old male with a history of liver disease presents with prolonged bleeding. Laboratory tests show low levels of protein C.  What is the role of thrombomodulin in this patient’s condition? 

A patient with a bacterial infection has elevated levels of mannose-binding lectin. Which pathway of the complement system is likely activated in this patient? 

Which glycoprotein on the platelet membrane is crucial for platelet adhesion to the damaged vessel wall? 

A 45-year-old male presents with lower back pain radiating down his left leg. He reports numbness and weakness in his left foot. MRI reveals a herniated disc at the L4-L5 level.  What is the most likely cause of his symptoms? 

A 22-year-old female basketball player presents with knee pain and swelling after landing awkwardly from a jump. She reports hearing a “pop” at the time of injury. Physical examination reveals a positive Lachman test.  What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A patient with an autoimmune disease has a deficiency in Tregs. What is the role of Tregs in the immune system?