After her first exam, Dr. Cullen sent an encouragement email…

After her first exam, Dr. Cullen sent an encouragement email to students scoring in the bottom 50 percent of the class. In this email, she reminded them that they each had potential and assured them they would do better on the next exam. This email likely resulted in subsequent declines in students’

Marie is a psychology professor in the United States teachin…

Marie is a psychology professor in the United States teaching her students about self-esteem. To introduce the lecture, she asks students to assess their self-esteem by determining if they are happy with their achievements. Is this approach likely to provide an accurate assessment of the students’ self-esteem?

Lyle, a research assistant, is helping his psychology profes…

Lyle, a research assistant, is helping his psychology professor run a study examining risk-taking traits in young adults. Lyle schedules one patient per hour. When his 3:00 pm patient does not show until 3:50 pm, he decides to run this patient in a small group with the 4:00 pm patient, even though the study is usually conducted in one patient at a time. Is this protocol change likely to affect the study results?