When dual process theories indicate that some reasoners may use a “probabilistic” cause-effect strategy for reasoning problems, what does that mean? 

According to the mental models approach: 

In Mental Models theory, incorrectly rejecting Modus Tollens conclusions typically occurs because:

In their 2005 study on the effects of individual differences in working memory capacity on reasoning with conditional statements, DeNays et al. found that:

What is the typical correct response rate for the abstract, content-free, version of the Wason Card Selection Task?

Reasoning from a stereotype is most closely related to this heuristic:

Which of the following is true regarding people’s performance on the Wason Card Selection Task?  

Used car salespeople often start negotiations with prices well above fair value hoping to land a higher final price than if a fair or low initial price had been offered. 

Further processing typically involves ingredient addition or thermal treatment.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered a method of further processing?