Chickens are much more “efficient” at producing meat than cows, from an energy perspective.

Longtermism is the view that we should strive for what is best for long-term environmental stability. 

Deep ecology is a non-anthropocentric environmental ethic.

Leopold specifically claimed none of the following solutions for protecting the environment would work, EXCEPT:

Virtue ethics is concerned with which of the following:

One way to understand ecosystems, claims Leopold, is that they trap nutrients on their “relentless march to the sea.”

According to Leopold’s “Land Ethic,” a thing is right when it preserves all of the following characteristics of the biotic community, EXCEPT:

According to deep ecology, even non-living things, such as geological formations have innate value.

Naess claims that we only have the right to reduce the richness and diversity of life in order to:

The Great Chain of Being is the view that humans are at the peak of an evolutionary process.