Catalina ate a candy bar and then went on a fast-moving ride…

Catalina ate a candy bar and then went on a fast-moving ride in an amusement park. She was sick to her stomach after the ride and now, Catalina cannot eat candy bars, because they make her nauseous. In this learned association, the candy bar serves as a(n) ________ to Catalina.

Sierra is 65 years old. She can vividly recall a certain eve…

Sierra is 65 years old. She can vividly recall a certain event that took place when she was five years old. It was the day her father had come home for the first time in two years. She remembers running toward him as he walked in through the door wearing army overalls. Though this memory is from long ago, this image of her father is very strong in her mind. In the context of memory formation, Sierra’s memory of her father can best be categorized as a(n):

Last year while standing at the kitchen sink, Reba was terri…

Last year while standing at the kitchen sink, Reba was terrified when a sudden flash of lightning was followed by a tremendously loud boom of thunder. Now she feels fear anytime she sees a sudden flash of light. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Reba now feels fear anytime she sees a sudden flash of light?