Predict human activities that can lead to food contamination in your community. (2 Marks)

Use the concepts of epidemiological triangle to explain the scenario above. (3 Marks)

Scenario 3: Human Settlements (20 Marks)Informally abbreviated to Alex, Alexandra is a township in the Gauteng province of South Africa. It forms part of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and has recently experienced heavy thunderstorms followed by floods. Informal settlements (shacks) are common dwellings there, where approximately six family members share one shack. Many people also share sanitation facilities. Safe water is not also available nearby, and the residents collect water from nearby schools and shops. General waste from the residents is often not collected by the municipality, and as a result, the community members frequently resort to burning the rubbish to minimize the load. Kerosene stoves are the main appliances used for cooking. Electricity is usually unavailable, as the residents may not afford to pay for it. Thus, some resort to illegal electrical connections. Most of the people residing in this area are underprivileged and severely affected by poverty, unemployment, and poor living conditions due to overcrowding and increased urbanisation. 

Recommend two government departments or institutions to collaborate with in addressing these public health challenges. (2 Marks)

Kyoto Protocol, Carbon tax emission, and polluter pay principle are some of the initiatives and strategies aimed at exacerbating climate change.

Classify environmental hazard which the abovementioned pathogens fall under. (1 Mark)

Scenario 2: Water and Sanitation. (25 Marks)An area called Umladzi in KwaZulu Natal Province has recently been reported by SABC news due to high levels of bacterial contamination in drinking water and water resources. The news reporter says that microbiological pathogens were not only found in the water distribution networks and wastewater conveyance system, however, it was witnessed in the open environments, which affect the health of communities and tourists in KwaZulu Natal. A Laboratory Scientist has reported that electricity load-shedding is one of the service delivery challenges that lead to the malfunctioning of pump stations in the water and wastewater treatment works. Beaches in KwaZulu Natal remain closed to facilitate public safety. More than 20 cases of diarrhoea in elderly people were reported, and 18 children were reported dead due to diarrhoea resulting from drinking water with levels of bacterial contamination. 

Environment is all that surrounds us, which includes both living and non-living things.

Answer the questions that follows based the scenario below:

Cholera, Typhoid Fever, Methanogenesis, Malaria, Bilharzia, Cryptosporidiosis and Shigellosis are waterborne diseases.