Page 6: 26. Hinge joints are synovial joints capable of 27. A bundle of dense connective tissue that joints bone to bone and is found inside the articular capsule is 28. A oval plate of fibrocartilage present in joints which separate synovial cavities to allow different types of motion or allow the articulating bones to better fit together is a(n) 29. When looking up from the anatomical position, the neck undergoes 30. The connective tissue surrounding a fascicle of muscle fibers

Page 2: Consider the following description of a feedback loop: After a meal that includes large numbers of carbohydrates, the body breaks down these carbohydrates primarily into glucose which is absorbed into the blood. This increases blood glucose concentration. Cells in the pancreatic islets known as Beta cells detect this increase in glucose concentration. The exact mechanism for this detection is complicated, but basically increased glucose concentration increases the ratio of ATP/ADP which ultimately increases calcium concentration in the beta cell. High calcium concentration leads to the secretion of insulin via exocytosis. Insulin travels through the blood to the liver. Insulin causes the liver to increase permeability of the liver cells to glucose and also triggers the synthesis of glycogen, which requires glucose. The net effect is a decrease in glucose concentration. 6. What is the effector in the above example 7. The above example is an example of a 8. Which of the following describes the Anatomical Position Position? 9. Which Cavity contains the urinary bladder 10. Which Cavity contains the Heart

Free Response 1: List the steps in the contraction cycle (in order) and explain what happens in each. The explanation counts more than simply listing the step (12pts).

Page 3: 11. In adult, what is most likely to be found in the medullary cavity of a long bone? 12. stimulation of osteoclasts would 13. In response to high blood calcium, the body releases 14. In which area of the epiphyseal plate are chondrocytes enlarging and producing alkaline phosphate 15. Which structure would you find in compact bone, but not spongy bone?

Free Response 1: For each phase of an action potential, name the phase, indicate the state of each ion channel, what is happening to the potential, and which way and which type of ions are moving. Free Response 2:  List the name, number and function of the cranial nerves

Page 7: 31. Which tissue is found in the pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs? 32. Which connective tissue has dense bundles of collagen fibers that run in all directions and is found in the dermis of the skin? 33. Which connective tissue is considered a dense connective tissue? 34. A gland with a single duct and a cylindrical secretory portion that twists into a looped mass would be classified as . An example would be sweat glands 35. Which connective tissue is capable of storing chemical energy in the form of triglycerides?  

Free Response 1: Describe the signaling cascade that occurs in a rod cell in both darkness and light. Start your description at the point the photon hits or does not hit a retinal molecule and finish with the excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic cell

Page 10: 46. Which of the following detects rotational dynamic equilibrium? 47. Molecules that simulate olfactory receptors are called 48. Where would you find an otolith? 49. Which of the following is not a primary taste? 50. Which of the following is not a description of an autonomic affect?  

Page 1: 1. Which of the following breaks down old bone matrix? 2. Which of the follow is a bone cell that is capable of mitosis and differentiates into other bone cells? 3. Action of which cell would directly decrease the concentration of calcium in the blood? 4. Which of the following is a hollow tube filled with blood vessels that runs perpendicular to the periosteum and connects osteons to one another? 5. interstitial Lamellae are

Page 3: 11. Which type of ganglia belong to the parasympathetic nervous system? 12. The parasympathetic fibers that innervate the thoracic and abdominal cavities leave the CNS via which nerve or nerves? 13. A cholinergic receptor is one that is activated by 14. What neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons (with the exception of those synapsing with sweat glands)? 15. preganglionic neurons and somatic motor neurons are