In linkage studies, a test cross involves a cross between a double heterozygote and an individual that is homozygous recessive for both genes. Recombinant offspring are produced when a crossover occurs 

Two different strains of plant exhibit a recessive phenotype of white flowers. When crossed, they produce offspring with wild-type purple flowers. This phenomenon of obtaining purple flowers is called __________ and it indicates that _________________________________.

In a chi square analysis involving genes that may be linked, the expected values are calculated 

Two genes are 36 map units apart. In a testcross, what percentage of offspring is expected to be recombinants?

Let’s suppose that three genes affecting eye color, body color, and wing length are on the same chromosome in fruit flies. In a test cross, if the number of recombinant offspring involving eye color and wing length is much higher compared to body color and eye color, these results suggest that

In humans, an individual who is XXY would be

By conducting testcrosses, researchers have found that the apple has 17 linkage groups. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in leaf cells?

For genes which have multiple alleles, the relationships between those alleles can be a variety of types of dominant/recessive relationships.  

True-breeding tall plants with white flowers are crossed to true-breeding dwarf plants with purple flowers. The F1 plants were tall with purple flowers. The genes that affect these traits independently assort. If the F1 plants were allowed to self-fertilize, the expected ratio of the F2 generation would be

The binomial expansion equation is used to solve problems in which