A 6-year-old child is brought to the clinic because of frequ…

A 6-year-old child is brought to the clinic because of frequent falls, poor balance, and unsteady walking. The parents report that the child leans to one side when sitting, and has difficulty maintaining balance while standing or walking, especially in low-light conditions. Neurologic exam reveals normal muscle strength and tone, no limb ataxia, and normal reflexes. MRI shows a mass compressing the inferior portion of the cerebellum near the fourth ventricle. Which of the following cerebellar regions is most likely affected? (Hint: What structural region is located at the inferior portion of the cerebellum near the fourth ventricle.  What functional part of the cerebellum produces this child’s outcomes? What plays a key role in equilibrium? What is the structural region associated with this?)

A teenage boy presents with weakness and stiffness in his le…

A teenage boy presents with weakness and stiffness in his left arm and leg. Reflexes are also exaggerated on that side. Brain imaging is normal, but spinal cord imaging reveals a lesion. Which side of the spinal cord is most likely affected? (Hint: Where is the confirmed lesion? where do the cortex signal from the left cross? Where do the signals from the right cross?)