_______ occurs when researchers invent data that support their hypothesis, whereas ______ occurs when researchers influence a study’s results in some way (e.g., by influencing participants to act a certain way).

Prisoners are considered a vulnerable population according to the Belmont Report. Why do you think they are a vulnerable population in the context of the Respect for Persons principle?

Mrs. Dopson is using a new form of behavioral therapy to treat ADHD symptoms. She provided this therapy to all of her students, and all of them have experienced a decrease in ADHD symptoms. Her experience is limited because she doesn’t have:

A researcher is interested in measuring his participants’ level of conscientiousness. The researcher indicates that his ___________ definition of conscientiousness is the participant’s score on the 9-item conscientiousness self-report scale, whereas his ___________ definition of conscientiousness is the propensity of an individual to be organized, thorough, and planful.

Dr. Smith calculates a Pearson’s r correlation = .10. According to Cohen’s benchmarks, this correlation is _______ in size.

Alyssa believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Alyssa concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following?

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement?

Internal consistency reliability can be calculated for scales that contain only one item. True or False?

When we state that hypotheses should be written in a way that make a statement about the existence of an effect, we are referring to which feature of a good hypothesis?

Short Answer Scenario 2: Imagine you read a news headline that states: “Taking notes by hand may lead to better learning.” In the study, researchers had students take notes on a TED talk in a classroom and then tested their understanding of the material with a multiple-choice exam. A third of the students were randomly assigned to take notes with a laptop, another third was randomly assigned to take notes with an iPad, and the last third was randomly assigned to take notes by hand. The results suggested that there was a statistically significant difference in exam scores such that participants who took notes by hand performed significantly better than the participants who took notes by laptop or iPad. What is the independent variable? How many levels are there of the independent variable? What are the levels of the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What type of study do you need to make this claim? Correlational study or experiment?