A 45 year old male, with no significant past medical history, presents with low back pain.  He denies numbness or tingling of the lower extremities or any issues with bowl or bladder function.  Exam reveals the L4 spinous process to the right of the midline and a prominent L4 transverse process on the left.  Which of the following best describes the lumbar vertebra rotation?

Technically consisting of two anatomically distinct articulations (talonavicular and calcaneocuboid), how many degrees of freedom are at the midtarsal joint?

How many degrees of freedom are at the subtalar joint?

Imagine right rotation of T6.  What happens to annulus fibrosis fibers on the right at the T6-T7 disc space?

You are measuring the range of motion of a client who is POD#60 (post-operative day) from a THA (total hip arthroplasty).   While measuring active range of motion, you get the following measurements at the hip: 110˚ flexion, 10˚ extension, 35˚ abduction, 20˚ adduction, 15˚ internal rotation, and 35˚ external rotation.  Based on these findings, which motion is the most restricted?

Normally, where is the line of gravity in relation to the hip joint?

Which provides more stability: lower center of gravity or a higher center of gravity?

Which ligament at the hip is the strongest?

What direction is the superior articular facet facing on a typical lumbar vertebra?

In regards to hip joint protection, on which side of the body should a cane be used?