In order to show that the Conditioned Stimulus had to give the dog some information, Rescorla & Wagner modified Pavlov’s classic experiment slightly. What did they do differently, to demonstrate that it was the information, i.e. “food is coming”, that was critical in classical conditioning?

In one year, prescription opioids accounted for more deaths than heroin and cocaine combined.

The divided consciousness theory of hypnosis states 

Dreams are a unique “level” of consciousness in that arousal is ____ but awareness is ______.

Jack has taken to using some bad words when he is angry. His mother has started making him suck on a soap bar whenever he says a bad word. And, Jack stops saying bad words. Mother is proud of herself for teaching Jack not to use bad words. So she is shocked when Jack’s teacher calls to say that Kanga has been using bad words at school. This is an example of Jack learning

Amanda works in the prison sewing shop. She is paid $5 for every ten labels she sews on shirts. This best exemplifies which type of reinforcement schedule?

After Jessica flirted with someone else at the party, her boyfriend didn’t talk to her for the rest of the night. In operant conditioning terms, Jessica’s boyfriend applied what type of consequence?

Harry watches Andy skip off to go home. As he watches, Andy seems to be shrinking. Despite Harry’s tendency to panic at the least reason, he knows that Andy is not really shrinking. Which of the following aspects of perceptual constancy allows Harry to understand that Andy is not getting smaller?

Linda usually listens to music on her phone while studying. When the volume is initially low, raising it by five decibels is highly noticeable. However, when the volume is initially high, increasing it by five decibels does not result in a noticeable change in sound. This phenomenon is best explained by

Leslie, a student, is introduced to smoking cigarettes by her friends. After smoking a cigarette for the first time, she experiences an immense high of nicotine. However, after two months of smoking, Leslie is able to experience the same high only after smoking six cigarettes. Which of the following best explains Leslie’s need to smoke an increased number of cigarettes to get the same effect?