The neurotransmitter epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration) and plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response in many animals. Consider the structure of N-protonated epinephrine (shown below) and answer the following questions. The lowest-energy conformation of N-protonated epinephrine is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl and the ammonium group. Which of the following Newman projections (A-F) represents this conformation viewed through the C1-C2 bond?   Recall that dihedral angles are measured clockwise when answering the next two questions. Consider the conformation of N-protonated epinephrine in which the aryl (Ar) substituent and the ammonium group are eclipsed. What is the dihedral angle between hydroxyl group and ammonium group in this conformation? What is the dihedral angle between the aryl (Ar) substituent and the ammonium group in Newman structure B? Do Newman structures A and C represent conformational isomers?

For each of the acid-base reactions (A-C) below, determine whether the equilibrium would lie to the left or to the right. Reaction A: Reaction B: Reaction C:

Rank the following ions in terms of the equilibrium constant Keq for their reaction with HCl. smallest Keq < < < largest Keq

Classify each of the following as either a Brønsted-Lowry acid, Lewis acid, or neither. A: B: C: D:

What is the mechanism of action of amantadine? 

Enovid is a combined oral contraceptive and the first one of its kind to be approved by the FDA. Enovid uses a combination of two steroids, specifically mestranol and norethynodrel. Answer the questions below about the structures of mestranol and norethynodrel. Which functional group contains the bond labeled A? Which functional group contains the oxygen atom labeled B? Which functional group contains the oxygen atom labeled C? Which functional group contains the oxygen atom labeled D? There are two lone pair electrons on the oxygen atom labeled B. What orbitals do these lone pair electrons reside in? There are two lone pair electrons on the oxygen atom labeled D. What orbitals do these lone pair electrons reside in? What is the electron pair geometry of the oxygen atom labeled C? What is the bond angle at the oxygen atom labeled B? Which of the following below best represents the orbital overlap of the C-C σ-bond labeled E? Which of the following below best represents the orbital overlap of the C-C π-bond labeled E?

For each pair of molecules shown below, determine which one would be the stronger acid. A or B? C or D? E or F?

Enovid is a combined oral contraceptive and the first one of its kind to be approved by the FDA. Enovid uses a combination of two steroids, specifically mestranol and norethynodrel. Answer the questions below about the structures of mestranol and norethynodrel. Which functional group contains the oxygen atom labeled A? Which functional group contains the oxygen atom labeled B? Which functional group contains the oxygen atom labeled C? Which functional group contains the bond labeled D? There are two lone pair electrons on the oxygen atom labeled B. What orbitals do these lone pair electrons reside in? There are two lone pair electrons on the oxygen atom labeled C. What orbitals do these lone pair electrons reside in? What is the electron pair geometry of the oxygen atom labeled A? What is the bond angle at the oxygen atom labeled C? Which of the following below best represents the orbital overlap of the C-C σ-bond labeled E? Which of the following below best represents the orbital overlap of the C-C π-bond labeled E?

Calculate the relative energies (in kcal/mol) of the most stable staggered conformation and the most stable eclipsed conformations of the molecule shown below viewed down the indicated bond. Report your answers to one decimal place. Relevant strain energies are provided below. most stable staggered: kcal/mol most stable eclipsed: kcal/mol

Describe how Parkinson’s disease alters the basal ganglia pathway, and how this leads to the resulting symptoms.