A patient with kidney disease has low levels of active vitamin D. What role do the kidneys play in vitamin D metabolism? 

A patient with liver cirrhosis is found to have dilated veins in the esophagus. What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A patient is experiencing issues with reabsorption in the nephron tubules. What is the primary mechanism for reabsorption of filtered substances in the nephron tubules? 

A patient has a disrupted sleep-wake cycle affecting their hormone levels. How does chronotropic control regulate hormone secretion?

A 70-year-old woman with T2DM is experiencing frequent hypoglycemic episodes. What factors contribute to her increased risk of hypoglycemia?

A patient with a known history of Crohn disease presents with diarrhea and visible blood in the stool. What is the most likely cause of the bleeding? 

A patient presents with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and early satiety. Which condition is characterized by decreased gastric motility and could explain these symptoms? 

A patient with Cushing’s syndrome has elevated cortisol levels. Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for cortisol production? 

A patient with chronic liver disease shows increased hepatic vascular resistance. Which change in sinusoidal endothelial cells is most likely responsible? 

A patient is exposed to a xenobiotic that undergoes only phase 2 reactions in the liver. What is the expected outcome?