A patient with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is experiencing increased intestinal permeability. Which component of the GI tract’s regulation is likely compromised?

How do hydrophobic hormones typically exert their effects on target cells? 

A 40-year-old man is being treated for low levels of DHT. Which enzyme is responsible for converting testosterone to DHT? 

A patient with CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).  What are the primary treatment options for ESRD? 

An older adult with hyperthyroidism is experiencing atrial fibrillation. How does thyroid hormone affect cardiovascular activity?

A premature infant is born at 30 weeks gestational age.  How does prematurity affect nephron development and future kidney health? 

A patient is prescribed a hydrophobic hormone for treatment.  How does this hormone typically function within the body?

An older adult has lower levels of GH and sex steroids.  What other endocrine change might this patient experience in response to stress? 

Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland? 

A patient with kidney disease has low levels of active vitamin D. What role do the kidneys play in vitamin D metabolism?