A patient with CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).  What are the primary treatment options for ESRD? 

An older adult with hyperthyroidism is experiencing atrial fibrillation. How does thyroid hormone affect cardiovascular activity?

A premature infant is born at 30 weeks gestational age.  How does prematurity affect nephron development and future kidney health? 

A patient is prescribed a hydrophobic hormone for treatment.  How does this hormone typically function within the body?

An older adult has lower levels of GH and sex steroids.  What other endocrine change might this patient experience in response to stress? 

Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary gland? 

A patient with kidney disease has low levels of active vitamin D. What role do the kidneys play in vitamin D metabolism? 

A patient with liver cirrhosis is found to have dilated veins in the esophagus. What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A patient is experiencing issues with reabsorption in the nephron tubules. What is the primary mechanism for reabsorption of filtered substances in the nephron tubules? 

A patient has a disrupted sleep-wake cycle affecting their hormone levels. How does chronotropic control regulate hormone secretion?