A patient with liver cirrhosis is found to have dilated veins in the esophagus. What is the most likely diagnosis? 

A clinician is assessing kidney function in an elderly patient using serum creatinine levels.  What challenge is associated with estimating GFR in older adults? 

A patient is hyperventilating due to anxiety, leading to respiratory alkalosis. What is the primary renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis? 

A patient with a history of smoking and frequent NSAID use presents with epigastric pain. Which condition is this patient at risk for developing? 

How do hormones regulate kidney function to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance? 

A patient with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is experiencing increased intestinal permeability. Which component of the GI tract’s regulation is likely compromised?

How do hydrophobic hormones typically exert their effects on target cells? 

A 40-year-old man is being treated for low levels of DHT. Which enzyme is responsible for converting testosterone to DHT? 

A patient with CKD progresses to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).  What are the primary treatment options for ESRD? 

An older adult with hyperthyroidism is experiencing atrial fibrillation. How does thyroid hormone affect cardiovascular activity?