James is teaching his client how to use the toilet. He collects baseline data and determines that the potential for accidents is high. He then implements an intervention that requires the client to wear underwear instead of the diaper the client currently wears, and the frequency of accidents decreases. Once the client consistently uses the toilet properly and accidents are rare, James implements a differential reinforcement for alternative behavior (DRA) procedure. The frequency of accidents initially remains low but begins to increase (trend back up) after a few sessions of DRA. Which confound is most likely to influence these results?

Clarissa, a BCBA, has been working with her client Garth on his ability to prepare his favorite meals at home for 3 weeks. When Clarissa examines her graph of Garth’s progress, she notices that he has independently prepared meals for the last three sessions. Clarissa determines it is time to start fading out parts of her training package, which consists of several conditions. Which analysis would be the best for Wayne to use?

  What can we conclude from the data in this graph?

At a vocational rehabilitation center, Samantha analyzes two different types of instruction: (a) rapidly alternating picture prompts and (b) delayed prompting across work tasks, to determine which one is most effective. She then assesses the latency to begin the task for each type of instruction. Which experimental design is Samantha using?

Tana wants to be a special education teacher. She will need a degree in special education to be able to work in the public school district near her residence as well as get relevant job offers. She will need to complete the rest of her coursework at the university and apply for jobs. Which of the following is an intermediate outcome in this scenario? 

What do the data in this graph indicate?   

Tara and Andrei are counting how many goal attempts are made in each period of a hockey game. Tara counts 5, 6, and 13. Andrei counts 7, 6, and 13. For two of the three goal attempts their counts match, which results in an IOA of 66.7%. This is an example of: 

Martin is analyzing data to determine the success of an intervention. He reviews his research question, determines if there are sufficient data in each condition, and looks for variables that may have affected the data both within and across conditions. During his analysis, he sees that two of his research assistants are inputting graphical data at different scales, rendering visual analysis of the data impossible. What step in performing a visual analysis should Martin have taken before reviewing his research question? 

Ian, a BCBA, aims to gradually decrease the number of times his client drinks alcoholic beverages in a week. The client does not want to return to their alcohol-drinking habits after Ian initiates the intervention. Which experimental design would be most appropriate for Ian to use?

Jenae, a BCBA, is monitoring her caloric intake. She reviews her baseline data before she implements a weight-loss management plan that decreases calories to lose weight. Which type of analysis is Jenae conducting?