____ attacks are a collection of brute-force methods that attempt to deduce statistical relationships between the structure of the unknown key and the ciphertext that is the output of the cryptosystem.

____ is an integrated system of software, encryption methodologies, protocols, legal agreements, and third-party services that enables users to communicate securely.

PKI systems are based on public key cryptosystems and include digital certificates and certificate authorities.

Once the attacker has successfully broken an encryption, he or she may launch a replay attack, which is an attempt to resubmit a recording of the deciphered authentication to gain entry into a secure source.

Encryption is a process of hiding the true meaning of information.

The application header protocol provides secrecy for the content of a network communication.

SHA-1 produces a(n) _____-bit message digest, which can then be used as an input to a digital signature algorithm.

Bit stream methods most commonly use functions like _____.

A ____ is a key-dependent, one-way hash function that allows only specific recipients (symmetric key holders) to access the message digest.

A macro virus infects the key operating system files located in a computer’s boot sector.