Earth sciences must consider both _________ and __________. 

Which property refers to the mineral’s resistance to shattering (not scratching)?

Which property refers to whether a mineral can be scratched?

An explanation that tries to explain how or why a phenomenon occurs in a manner observed by the scientist is called a _____________________.  

The four spheres of Earth are 

Use the table below to answer the questions that follow. Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25 °C)​SubstanceΔH°f (kJ/mol)ΔG°f (kJ/mol)S (J/K-mol)​ Calcium Ca (s)0041.4 CaCl2 (s)-795.8-748.1104.6 Ca2+ (aq)226.7209.2200.8Chlorine Cl2 (g) 00222.96 Cl- (aq)-167.2-131.256.5Oxygen O2 (g)00205.0 H2O (l)-285.83-237.1369.91Phosphorus P2 (g)144.3103.7218.1 PCl3 (g)-288.1-269.6311.7 POCl3 (g)-542.2-502.5325Sulfur S (s, rhombic)0031.88 SO2(g)-269.9-300.4248.5 SO3(g)-395.2-370.4256.2The value of ΔG° at 25 °C for the formation of POCl3 from its constituent elements, P2 (g) + O2 (g) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2POCl3 (g)is ________ kJ/mol.

Which substance is the oxidizing agent in the reaction below? Fe(CO)5 (l) + 2HI (g) → Fe(CO)4I2 (s) + CO (g) + H2 (g)

Use the table below to answer the questions that follow. Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25 °C)​SubstanceΔH°f (kJ/mol)ΔG°f (kJ/mol)S (J/K-mol)​ Calcium Ca (s)0041.4 CaCl2 (s)-795.8-748.1104.6 Ca2+ (aq)226.7209.2200.8Chlorine Cl2 (g) 00222.96 Cl- (aq)-167.2-131.256.5Oxygen O2 (g)00205.0 H2O (l)-285.83-237.1369.91Phosphorus P2 (g)144.3103.7218.1 PCl3 (g)-288.1-269.6311.7 POCl3 (g)-542.2-502.5325Sulfur S (s, rhombic)0031.88 SO2(g)-269.9-300.4248.5 SO3(g)-395.2-370.4256.2The value of ΔG° at 25 °C for the decomposition of phosphorous trichloride into its constituent elements, 2PCl3 (g) → P2 (g) + 3Cl2 (g)is ________ kJ/mol.

The value of ΔG° for a reaction conducted at 25 °C is 3.05 kJ/mol. The equilibrium constant for a reaction is ________ at this temperature.

Given the following chemical equilibrium,COCl2(g) CO(g) + Cl2(g)calculate the value of Kc, given that Kp = 6.5 × 1011 at 298 K. (R = 0.08206 L⋅atm/mol⋅K)