Montesquieu’s most important contribution to political science was his

Technically, World War II began in China.

Extra credit: Pick a type of training and explain what physiological changes you would expect to see with that type of training. You can include cardiovascular changes, neural changes, muscular changes, etc. 

Extra credit: Describe why exercise is important for the aging process. Include details on the types of exercise that are beneficial and the expected physiological changes. 

With resistance training in general, which fiber type shift would you expect to see the most?

You are a researcher in an exercise physiology lab. At rest, you took a blood sample from one of your participants and found an increased level of a krebs/TCA/citric acid cycle enzyme (citrate synthase) compared to their baseline 6 months ago. Which assumption would be reasonable?

Which of the following is a potent vasodilator that is released due to sheer stress and can help reduce blood pressure in older adults following exercise? 

Nguyen – Autoimmunity My exam tips:  A brief answer is two to three sentences in your answer. There may be more than one correct answer to my question. I am looking for how you best articulate your reasoning to support the answer.  (A)  Pick ONE of your favorite T cell types. Briefly describe how self-tolerance breakdown in central and peripheral tolerance can lead to autoimmunity (5 points).  (B)  Briefly describe the similarities and differences between molecular mimicry and bystander activation. (5 points)

Duarte – Transplantation Immunology In kidney transplantation, a significant effort is put into reducing organ ischemia times and matching between donors and recipients, prior to transplantation. (A)  Briefly define the three key stages involved in the matching process when identifying a suitable donor kidney for a transplant recipient, and what specific immune responses or incompatibilities the transplant team aims to avoid with each stage. (6 points) (B)  Briefly define one main aspect of how ischemia-reperfusion injury activates the innate immune response and how it contributes to the activation of the recipient’s adaptive immune response and the development of graft rejection. (2 points)

Bayer – Evasion & Subversion of Immune Defenses (A)  Provide five examples that compare and contrast the immune response to extracellular bacteria, intracellular bacteria, and viruses. (5 points) (B)  Pathogens employ strategies to evade or interfere with the host’s immune response, ultimately allowing them to establish and persist within the host. Briefly define three strategies that pathogens employ to evade the immune system. (3 points) (C)  Briefly describe an effective treatment strategy to stimulate a person’s immune system to produce strong immunity against a latent viral infection. (8 points) The immune response within the tumor microenvironment resembles either tumor elimination or tumor escape. (D)  In the elimination microenvironment, briefly define an immune cell type, their mode-of-action, and how the tumor itself plays a role in immune recognition. (3 points) (E)  In the escape microenvironment, briefly define an immune cell type, their mode-of-action and how the tumor itself plays a role in avoiding immune recognition. (3 points)