Which chemical triggers the inflammatory response?

CASE 1:  A 40-year-old hospital patient begins complaining of painful urination. She had been admitted to the hospital three days prior for a surgical procedure that required the use of a catheter. A urine specimen is collected and analyzed. Pink cells in the Gram stain suggest that the pathogen is E. coli. Blood tests suggest that the patient has elevated levels of activated complement proteins. Given the diagnosis, what may be causing the complement activation?

Both Enterobius and Dirofilaria would be classified as _____.

Acid (pH less than 7) is present and used as a defense in all of the following body locations EXCEPT:

As scientists and healthcare professionals are learning, SARS-CoV-2 (the COVID-19 coronavirus) is spread by respiratory droplets and is associated with fever, cough, and difficulty breathing that last about two weeks in some symptomatic humans. Which of the following identifies the etiology of this disease?

CASE 5:  A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. As the patient’s immune defenses begin to act, which of the following is probably NOT occurring?

Which phagocytic cells are the body’s first responders, arriving at the site of tissue damage and inflammation first?

CASE 5:  A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. The rapid and intense onset of signs and symptoms following exposure to the virus suggests that the infection is _____.

Which chemical signal secreted by a macrophage ‘selects’ a helper T cell to begin cloning itself during an adaptive immune response?

CASE 5:  A 7-year-old boy is taken to the emergency room by his mother after she finds him unresponsive in his bed. She states that her son was sent home from school 3 days earlier after showing flu-like symptoms. He awoke the next morning with body aches, a cough, a sore throat, and a runny nose. After 2 days of taking over-the-counter children’s cold medicine, he had not improved. Upon arriving at the hospital, he is dehydrated, pale, and shaky. The physician notes that he is wheezing and has slight difficulty breathing. A chest X-ray indicates pneumonia of the right lung, which is subsequently determined to be viral. B-Cells (and other APCs of the immune system) display antigens on their surface using _____.