Brief Patient History: Mr. X is a 64-year-old male admitted to the unit with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and required an emergent left (L)- sided heart catheterization/percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Past history includes diabetes mellitus type 2, heart failure, hypertension, and osteoarthritis. Home medications include furosemide (Lasix), digoxin (Lanoxin), captopril (Capoten), carvedilol (Coreg), Byetta (exenatide), Glucophage (metformin), and Motrin (ibuprofen). Clinical Assessment: Twenty-four hours after admission to the unit, Mr. X is alert, oriented to person, place, and time; and pain free. His only complaint is shortness of breath and swelling in his ankles, feet, and hands. Physical assessment reveals bilateral breath sounds with basilar crackles; catheter on right femoral site, dressing is clean, dry, and intact; peripheral pulses 2+ bilaterally; and 2+ edema noted in lower extremities.  IV fluids have been discontinued and saline lock is in place. Preparation are being made to transfer Mr. X to the telemetry unit. Question: What are the potential risk factors that can alter this patient’s outcomes, specific to kidney function? (Select all answers that apply).

A dehydrated patient is in the injury stage of the RIFLE staging of AKI. What would the nurse first anticipate in the treatment of this patient? 

A patient with diarrhea has been diagnosed with Clostridium difficile.  Along with standard precautions, which kind of transmission-based precautions will be used when the nurse is caring for this patient? 

A patient with acute kidney injury (AKI) has been started on continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD). The nurse understands the patient should be closely monitored for what patient-related complications of the therapy?

A patient is admitted for palpitations and has a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD).  While examining the patient’s telemetry strip, you note tall, peaked, T-waves. What electrolyte abnormality do you expect when reviewing the admission labs? 

The patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is brought to the emergency department with hyperventilation.  The nurse demonstrates an understanding of CKD by identifying the cause of the alteration in ventilation as which of the following? 

What causes the presence of myoglobin in urine? (Select all that apply.)

A patient has been on complete bed rest for 3 days. The practitioner has left orders to get the patient out of bed for meals. The patient complains of feeling dizzy and faint while sitting at the bedside. The nurse suspects that the patient is experiencing what problem? 

Loss of albumin from the intravascular space may result in which condition? 

__________ is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction.