Suppose a researcher conducted a cross-sectional study on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and externalizing behaviors (e.g., rule-breaking or defiant behavior) among adolescents. During the summer months, the researcher works as a volunteer at a summer education program for adolescents who struggle with their schoolwork. The researcher decides to invite the adolescents who attend the summer program for participation in the study.   The researcher is worried that there might be selection bias in the estimate of the effect of ADHD on externalizing behaviors because ADHD and externalizing behaviors are both reasons for participation in the summer program and therefore also both affect study participation. To assess potential selection bias, the researcher drew the directed acyclic graph (DAG) in Figure 2.   Based on the DAG in Figure 2, will there be selection bias (yes/no)? (2 points) Explain your answer (max. 4 points).

Suppose a team of researchers was interested in studying whether individuals with generalized anxiety disorder are more likely to abuse substances. The researchers used a cross-sectional design and sampled individuals who were being treated at the psychiatry department of Tampa General Hospital. After enrolment, the researchers used the medical records of the participants to determine both anxiety disorder status and substance abuse status. The researchers found that substance abuse was 0.90 times more prevalent among individuals with an anxiety disorder compared to individuals without anxiety disorder. The researchers submitted a manuscript with their findings to a peer-reviewed journal. One of the reviewers points out that the estimated prevalence ratio of 0.90 is counterintuitive and that this counterintuitive finding may be explained by selection bias.   Which two (2) conditions need to hold for selection bias to occur in this study on anxiety disorder and substance abuse? (max. 4 points per condition)

The 15th Amendment made Black people citizens by birth:

__________________ was the founder of the UNIA:

Ida B. Wells:

Most Fortune 500 companies have a supplier diversity program with specific and measurable goals including spending targets. The benefits of a supplier diversity program include:

13.  A 6 year old boy was seen at the doctor’s office today for constantly wiping down the door knobs in his bedroom 6 times before leaving for the day. Him mother stated that he is late every day to the bus stop and she has to take him to school. The nurse understands that the client has  which diagnosis?

The Blau Index, also known as the __________________________, is a statistical measure used to quantify the level of diversity within a leadership team or group. Developed by sociologist Peter Blau, the index ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 represents maximum diversity.  

The 15th Amendment made Black people citizens by birth:

__________________ was the founder of the UNIA: