A 16-year-old girl presents to the clinic with concerns about delayed puberty and short stature. Physical examination reveals a webbed neck and widely spaced nipples. The physician suspects Turner’s Syndrome and orders a karyotype analysis. Which of the following karyotype results would confirm the diagnosis of Turner’s Syndrome? 

Which of the following best describes how lymphatic obstruction contributes to edema?

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is primarily due to:

In hypertension, what do natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide, B type natriuretic peptide BNP and C type natriuretic peptide CNP promote?

A 40-year-old non-smoker presents with progressive dyspnea and hyperinflated lungs on imaging. A genetic test reveals an alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency. Which of the following best explains this patient’s condition?

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of death for men and women of all ethnicities and socio-economic backgrounds. Which of the following factors is least likely to increase the risk of MI?

Which of the following histone modifications would most likely increase gene expression?

A 65-year-old man presents with dizziness and fatigue. His ECG reveals sinus bradycardia with a heart rate of 45 bpm. He reports no chest pain or dyspnea. Which physiological mechanism most likely accounts for his bradycardia?

Which clinical feature is most consistent with a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?

What is the primary reason venous insufficiency is more common in older adults?