What is the significance of increased sporadic DNA mutations in older adults? 

Which part of the shoulder joint is often affected by degenerative diseases? 

An older adult patient has elevated cytokine levels contributing to functional decline. What is this phenomenon called? 

What occurs during the herniation of an intervertebral disc? 

A 35-year-old female with a family history of breast cancer is found to have a germline mutation in the BRCA1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene.  What is the significance of this mutation for her cancer risk? 

How do the signs and symptoms of cancer in children often differ from those in adults? 

What is the primary structural difference between hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S? 

What is the primary function of osteocytes in bone tissue? 

A patient who recovered from a previous infection has a rapid and robust immune response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen. Which cells are responsible for this enhanced response in humoral immunity? 

What triggers the sickling of red blood cells in sickle cell disease?