A____________ is a mere patdown of the outer clothing or container to which a detained person may have immediate access.

The landmark case Mapp v. Ohio is significant because:

Any additional evidence obtained as a result of illegal acts is also known as:

“Inadequate police training may serve as the basis for municipal liability under Section 1983, but only if the failure to train amounts to ________________ to the right of persons with whom the police come into contact.”

Which of the following is not an indicator that serves as a building block of probable cause?

“Under the ____________ doctrine, the item seized is limited to what is in the officer’s sight. By contrast, items known or observed through the use of the officer’s other senses(smell, hearing, touching, and tasting) fall under the _____________ doctrine.”

“In Illinois v. Rodriguez, the Court held that searches in which the person giving consent has __________ authority are valid.”

“In United States v. Chadwick, the Court held that a warrantless search of a movable container found in a motor vehicle is invalid in the absence of ______________.”

“Which of the following court cases does away with the requirement that for plain view to apply, the discovery of the evidence must be purely accidental?”

A frisk can only be used by an officer when he justifiably stops someone and has a: