Contingency-shaped behavior is primarily influenced by experiences rather than verbal descriptions.

Token economies are more successful when:

The reinforcing effect of a token depends on its exchangeability for reinforcers.

Submission can reinforce aggression by functioning as:

In a chain schedule, which component directly produces unconditioned reinforcement?

According to delay-reduction theory, a stimulus is more valuable if it signals a larger reduction in delay to reinforcement.

What is the primary function of a discriminative stimulus (Sᴰ)?

In Kelleher’s experiments, token reinforcement produced cumulative response patterns similar to food reinforcement.

Which of the following defines a multiple schedule of reinforcement?

Describe how information about good news can function as a conditioned reinforcer in everyday settings (e.g., stock market updates, exam grades).