For a “Snowball Earth” event to occur on Earth, which of the following listed below must occur as part of this process? **Note: No partial credit – no exceptions*** 

EXTRA CREDIT (Four points) – **Note: No partial credit – no exceptions*** Suppose that you discover a new exoplanet within a distant solar system.  The incoming flux of radiation from the host star at the exoplanet is the same as that of Earth (Sr = 1370 W m-2), however the greenhouse effect of this exoplanet ( = greenhouse effect = 99 K) is triple that of the Earth.  What would the planetary albedo (A) of this exoplanet have to be in order for the average surface temperature () of this exoplanet to be equal to that of Earth ( = average surface temperature = 288 K)?   Relevant equations and constants of interest:

Select the correct option to complete the statements below regarding CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere. **Note: Partial credit possible but there are point deductions (penalty) for incorrect selections – no exceptions**  Based on data from ice cores, atmospheric CO2 levels on Earth in the last million years were generally between before the industrial revolution. This is than CO2 levels in Earth’s atmosphere in 2024 which are . 

Using the list below, select the main properties a planet needs for the carbonate-silicate weathering process to operate. (Select all that apply)  **Note: Partial credit possible but there are point deductions (penalty) for incorrect selections – no exceptions**     

48. You are caring for a hospitalized child with heart failure who is receiving Furosemide (Lasix) and spironolactone (Aldactone).  Which laboratory value will be most important to monitor?

43. While the nurse is taking routine vital signs, she notices that the infant is having a hypercyanotic episode.  What should the nurse do first?  

49. The clinic nurse reviews the record of a child just seen by the pediatrician and diagnosed with suspected pulmonary stenosis.  The nurse expects to note documentation of which clinical manifestation specifically found in this disorder?

20. What concerns should the nurse anticipate for a patient who had a right hemisphere stroke? (Select all that apply)

55. A 6-year-old child with sickle cell disease is admitted with a vaso-occlusive crisis.  What are the priority nursing concerns? (Select all that apply)

57. A 9-month-old infant has been prescribed iron supplements. During follow-up visits, the nurse observes that the infant’s iron-deficiency anemia has not improved despite treatment. Which action taken by the parents does the nurse recognize as the reason for the lack of improvement?