In the micturition reflex, urine is actively expelled from the bladder (smooth muscle). The postganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine, which binds to muscarinic receptors and causes the bladder muscle to contract. In someone who experiences urine leakage (incontinence) would you administer a muscarinic antagonist or agonist. Explain your reasoning.

In a  resting membrane , what is the state of various channels in the membrane?

Jackson has experienced a stroke. He is found to have left hemiparesis (weakness on his left hand side of the body). He is also having difficulty perceiving vibration on the left hand side of his body. He can speak clearly and is able to respond to complicated verbal commands. Based on the physical exam findings, what specific area(s) of Jackson’s brain have been damaged as a result of his stroke? . 

Figure 1. Structural and functional organization of the nervous system.    Using Figure 1, which of the following nervous system components are involved in sensing and interpreting a stimulus as a tickle? 

Imagine a cell membrane that is permeable to Na+ ions. The membrane potential is initially + 55 mV. The equilibrium potential for sodium is +66 mV. There is a higher concentration of Na+ ions outside than inside the cell.

Imagine a cell membrane that is permeable to K+ ions. The membrane potential is initially – 110 mV. The equilibrium potential for potassium is -80 mV. There is a higher concentration of K+ ions inside than inside the cell.

Of the choices provided, what the 4th step in the sequence of events that occur when you spin in a chair?

What number(s) represents  temporal summation?

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous divisions are myelinated, whereas the postganglionic neurons are unmyelinated. Which axons will propagate action potentials faster? Why?

During the depolarization  phase of an action potential, what is the state of various channels in the membrane?