Pope Boniface VIII decreed that papal (spiritual) authority was superior to monarchical (secular/earthly) authority. His decree was called the…

What were the Crusades about?

Who was the pre-Renaissance painter whose use of perspective and realism set the stage for the Renaissance?

Which of the following rulers were instrumental in the reunification of Spain in later 1400’s?

In females, which of the following is caused by a relatively high level of the hormone progesterone?

ESSAY: CORTISOL Explain the role of cortisol in the long-term stress response. Your response should demonstrate a clear understanding of the main role (or goal) played by cortisol in the long-term stress response, as well as a detailed and logical discussion of the specific targets of cortisol and the effects of cortisol on each of these targets.  (You should not include a description of the process leading to the secretion of cortisol.)

Bony fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and jawless fishes share many characteristics, but not all. Which of the following is NOT found in all 3 groups of fishes?

FILL-IN: Birds, other reptiles, and spiders excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of a thick, pasty substance that doesn’t dissolve easily in water. This form of nitrogenous waste is called: _____.

ESSAY: SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AT A CHEMICAL SYNAPSE Explain the transmission of an excitatory signal across a chemical synapse between two neurons.  A step-by-step explanation (list format) is acceptable, but each step should be explained logically, with sufficient detail, and in your own words. Begin your explanation with an action potential occurring in the synaptic terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron.  Describe each event involved in causing an excitatory signal to be transmitted from the pre-synaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron.    Conclude when a new action potential has been generated in the postsynaptic neuron.  Also include a brief discussion of what happens to the excess/used neurotransmitter.  

FILL-IN: The pancreas secretes the hormone ________ in order to reduce the amount of glucose in the blood.  Spell carefully.