A patient is admitted with severe hyperglycemia. You administer intravenous insulin to correct the serum glucose. Which one of the following changes is most likely to result from the insulin injection?

What is the cause of transient diabetes insipidus of pregnancy?

What is the major mechanism whereby lupus nephritis damages the kidney?

An elderly patient’s blood pressure is repeatedly 170 / 80 mmHg. Desirable BP is -80 mmHg. Of the choices provided, what is the most likely cause for the patient’s hypertension?

Which one of the following findings are the most specific for glomerular disease?

The aldosterone receptor inhibitor spironolactone is considered a potassium-sparing diuretic. Given what you know about the site of aldosterone action in the nephron, which nephron segment(s) and sodium transporter(s) might be affected by spironolactone treatment?

A marathon runner collapses near the finish line. The runner took in 2 liters of water orally per hour during their 4 hour run. Assuming that they collapsed due to an electrolyte disorder, which is the most likely cause of his collapse?

How is the renal cortico-medullary interstitial osmotic gradient formed?

The patient is 52 year-old man with long-standing diabetes and thin renal cortex on the ultrasound. Given the following data, what most properly explains the patient’s hemoglobin concentration? 

An elderly frail woman has fever, dysuria, nausea, vomiting and flank pain. The urinalysis demonstrates pyuria, white blood cell casts, hematuria, positive leukocyte esterase and gram-negative rods on Gram stain. What should next be done immediately in terms of her medical management?