Attachment theory was influenced heavily by the work of Freud and other psychoanalytic theorists.

The table shows measurements of the beak size of a sample of ten ground finches on two islands in the Galapagos archipelago. The two islands are about 10km apart, and all the birds are the same species. Given that beak size is genetically determined, which of the following hypotheses is the most likely explanation for the differences in data between the islands?  

Fill in the blanks with words. (Type Chinese characters)   一样（yí yàng） 其中（qí zhōng） 一边（yī biān） 才（cái） 一边（yī biān） 到（dào） 俩（liǎ） 同（tóng）   哥哥喜欢 听音乐，做作业。 我有很多书，这两本是我最喜欢的小说。 我和我朋友一起上一所学校。 妹妹的性格跟爸爸 ，他们都很善良。 姐姐去上大学了，我们只有周末可以通电话。 你不能从早晚不吃东西。

Observe the figure (you did not see this in lecture, don’t panic, LOOK at the figure and analyze it) and answer the question. The figure explained: – The bottom half of the figure shows you the time that two separate stimuli were administered to a neuron at the same point in the membrane (like at the trigger zone or in a node of ranvier). – The top half of the figure shows the presence or absence of an action potential in response to each stimulus. Explain why a stimulus voltage of 20mV caused an action potential at 100 ms, but was unable to to do so with the same stimulus voltage at 175ms? Explain using your knowledge of threshold voltage values and refractory periods. What could you do to test your theory?

Explain the following: The absolute refractory period is a period of time that occurs during action potentials when subsequent action potentials cannot be generated at the same region of membrane. Explain why:

If the sun did not exist we would still see the moon. 

What causes the seasons? (Use at least two vocabulary words: Latitude, Angle of insolation, Axis tilt, Rotation, Revolution, Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere) 

Fill in the blanks with the words. （Type Chinese characters） 又（yòu） 还是（hái shì） 太（tài ） 有点（yǒu diǎn） 了（le） 过（guò） 又（yòu） 对（duì）   妈妈不 喜欢吃油炸食品。 这碗红烧牛肉面太辣 ，我要多喝点水。 我今天 累，我想早点睡。 你要喝茶 咖啡？ 妹妹 花生过敏。 哥哥 高 帅。 你吃 寿司吗？

T-cells known as Helper T-cells have what kind of co-receptor on them?

Explain the following: If both voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are stimulated to open by depolarization to threshold, why does the membrane depolarize further (beyond threshold to +30mV) and not simply remain stable/unchanged?